Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Highly variable biological effects of statins on cancer, non-cancer, and stem cells in vitro

doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-62615-w

Figure Lengend Snippet: The effect of statins on viability and growth of ( a ) stem ADMSC and non-cancerous HEK 293 cells and ( b ) cancer MiaPaCa-2 cells. ( a ) ADMSC—human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells, HEK 293—human embryonic kidney cells, exposure to statins—24 h, concentrations 0—100 µM, control—methanol, ( b ) previously published data , MiaPaCa-2—pancreatic cancer cells, exposure to statins—24 h, concentrations 0—40 µM, control—methanol.

Article Snippet: Human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells ADMSC (ATCC, Manassas, VA, PSC-500-011, LOT 70017032, positive specific staining for CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105, and CD166 and negative for CD14, CD31, CD34, and CD45) were cultured in mesenchymal stem cell basal medium (ATCC, Manassas, VA) supplemented with low serum mesenchymal stem cell growth kit for adipose- and umbilical-derived MSCs (ATCC, Manassas, VA).

Techniques: Derivative Assay, Control

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Highly variable biological effects of statins on cancer, non-cancer, and stem cells in vitro

doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-62615-w

Figure Lengend Snippet: Comparison of the effect of statins on the growth and viability of pancreatic cancer MiaPaCa-2 cells, non-cancerous HEK 293 cells, and ADMSC stem cells. Concentration of statins—20 µM, Time—exposure to statins—24, 48, and 72 h, control—methanol.

Article Snippet: Human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells ADMSC (ATCC, Manassas, VA, PSC-500-011, LOT 70017032, positive specific staining for CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105, and CD166 and negative for CD14, CD31, CD34, and CD45) were cultured in mesenchymal stem cell basal medium (ATCC, Manassas, VA) supplemented with low serum mesenchymal stem cell growth kit for adipose- and umbilical-derived MSCs (ATCC, Manassas, VA).

Techniques: Comparison, Concentration Assay, Control

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Highly variable biological effects of statins on cancer, non-cancer, and stem cells in vitro

doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-62615-w

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of statins on size and compactness of spheroids. ( a ) ADMSC stem cells, ( b ) pancreatic cancer MiaPaCa-2 cells, concentration of statins—20 µM, Ctr—methanol treated spheroids, P—pravastatin, R—rosuvastatin, L—lovastatin, F—fluvastatin, A—atorvastatin, Pi—pitavastatin, C—cerivastatin, S—simvastatin. Statins were added once, after spheroid formation, 10 weeks ( a ) or 3.5 weeks ( b ) after inoculation. Experiment was carried out in biological dodecaplicates.

Article Snippet: Human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells ADMSC (ATCC, Manassas, VA, PSC-500-011, LOT 70017032, positive specific staining for CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105, and CD166 and negative for CD14, CD31, CD34, and CD45) were cultured in mesenchymal stem cell basal medium (ATCC, Manassas, VA) supplemented with low serum mesenchymal stem cell growth kit for adipose- and umbilical-derived MSCs (ATCC, Manassas, VA).

Techniques: Concentration Assay

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Highly variable biological effects of statins on cancer, non-cancer, and stem cells in vitro

doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-62615-w

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of statins on the spheroid formation. ( a ) ADMSC stem cells, ( b ) pancreatic cancer MiaPaCa-2 cells, concentration of statins—20 µM, Ctr methanol treated spheroids, P —pravastatin, R —rosuvastatin, L —lovastatin, F —fluvastatin, A —atorvastatin, Pi —pitavastatin, C —cerivastatin, S —simvastatin. Statins were added once, 24 h after cell inoculation. Experiment was carried out in biological dodecaplicates.

Article Snippet: Human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells ADMSC (ATCC, Manassas, VA, PSC-500-011, LOT 70017032, positive specific staining for CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105, and CD166 and negative for CD14, CD31, CD34, and CD45) were cultured in mesenchymal stem cell basal medium (ATCC, Manassas, VA) supplemented with low serum mesenchymal stem cell growth kit for adipose- and umbilical-derived MSCs (ATCC, Manassas, VA).

Techniques: Concentration Assay

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Highly variable biological effects of statins on cancer, non-cancer, and stem cells in vitro

doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-62615-w

Figure Lengend Snippet: Comparison of expression changes between statin treated and control MiaPaCa-2 and ADMSC cells. Displayed are only the genes that are differentially expressed upon at least one statin treatment in at least one cell type, requiring |log 2 FC|> 1 and FDR < 0.05. Statins were administered at a concentration of 12 µM for 24 h. ( FC fold change, FDR false discovery rate, horizontal and vertical axes—changes in ADMSC and MiaPaCa-2 cells, respectively, upon respective treatment). The red dashed lines indicate two-fold change increase or decrease in the gene expression. The genes with at least two-fold up-regulation (resp. down-regulation) in ADMSC stem cells are displayed to the right (resp. left) of the dashed lines. Similarly, genes with at least two-fold up-regulation (resp. down-regulation) in cancer cells are displayed above (resp. below) of the dashed lines. For details about differentially regulated transcripts see the ArrayExpress database, accessions E-MTAB-3979, E-MTAB-11579 .

Article Snippet: Human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells ADMSC (ATCC, Manassas, VA, PSC-500-011, LOT 70017032, positive specific staining for CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105, and CD166 and negative for CD14, CD31, CD34, and CD45) were cultured in mesenchymal stem cell basal medium (ATCC, Manassas, VA) supplemented with low serum mesenchymal stem cell growth kit for adipose- and umbilical-derived MSCs (ATCC, Manassas, VA).

Techniques: Comparison, Expressing, Control, Concentration Assay, Gene Expression

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Highly variable biological effects of statins on cancer, non-cancer, and stem cells in vitro

doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-62615-w

Figure Lengend Snippet: Cellular pathways most significantly affected by statins in cancer and stem cells. The gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) revealed the KEGG pathways most affected by statin treatment in ADMSC and MiaPaCa-2 cells. Displayed is the union of the top five most enriched pathways among the comparisons. (Statin concentration—12 µM, treatment time—24 h, p-value—GSEA p-value, gene ratio—fraction of KEGG pathway genes among differentially expressed genes). For details about differentially regulated transcripts, see the ArrayExpress database, accessions E-MTAB-3979, E-MTAB-11579.

Article Snippet: Human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells ADMSC (ATCC, Manassas, VA, PSC-500-011, LOT 70017032, positive specific staining for CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105, and CD166 and negative for CD14, CD31, CD34, and CD45) were cultured in mesenchymal stem cell basal medium (ATCC, Manassas, VA) supplemented with low serum mesenchymal stem cell growth kit for adipose- and umbilical-derived MSCs (ATCC, Manassas, VA).

Techniques: Concentration Assay

Journal: Cell Death Discovery

Article Title: Proinflammatory cytokines sensitise mesenchymal stromal cells to apoptosis

doi: 10.1038/s41420-025-02412-0

Figure Lengend Snippet: A Quantification of Annexin V + cells in Jurkat T lymphoma cells treated with increasing concentrations of anti-FAS antibody (aFAS) for 24 h ( n = 3) and representative Annexin V/PI staining following stimulation with 1 μg/ml of anti-Fas antibody for 24 h. B Quantification of Annexin V + cells in human BM-MSCs treated with increasing concentrations of anti-FAS antibody for 24 h ( n = 3) and representative Annexin V/PI staining following stimulation with 10 μg/ml of anti-Fas antibody for 24 h. C Representative flow cytometric analysis of FAS expression in one of three human BM-MSCs in comparison to peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). D Quantification of Annexin V + cells in Jurkat cells treated with increasing concentrations of FcFASL for 24 h ( n = 3). E – G Quantification of Annexin V + cells in human BM-MSCs ( E ), mouse BM-MSCs ( F ), and primary MEFs and SV40-immortalised MEFs ( G ) treated with increasing concentrations of FcFASL for 24 h with or without pre-treatment with 50 μM zVAD-FMK for 30 min ( n = 3). H Quantification of Annexin V + cells in human BM-MSCs treated with 10 μg/ml anti-FAS antibody for 24 h in the presence or absence of 500 nM SMAC mimetic (Compound A) with or without pre-treatment with 50 μM zVAD-FMK for 30 min ( n = 3). I Representative Annexin V/PI staining in human BM-MSCs treated with 100 ng/ml TNF for 24 h, and quantification of Annexin V + cells in human BM-MSCs treated with increasing concentrations of TNF ( n = 3). J Quantification of Annexin V + cells in human BM-MSCs (left panel) and mouse BMDMs (right panel) treated with 100 ng/ml TNF, or 25 μg/ml poly(I:C), or 25 μg/ml LPS for 24 h in the presence or absence of 500 nM SMAC mimetic, with or without pre-treatment with the pan-caspase inhibitors Q-VD-OPh or zVAD-FMK for 30 min ( n = 3). K Quantification of Annexin V + cells in human BM-MSCs treated with 100 ng/ml TNF, or 100 μg/ml poly(I:C), or 50 μg/ml LPS for 24 h in the presence or absence of 500 nM SMAC mimetic with or without pre-treatment with increasing concentrations of Q-VD-OPh or zVAD-FMK for 30 min ( n = 3). Data expressed as the mean ± S.E.M. and representative of at least two independent experiments, p values by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test.

Article Snippet: Human adipose-derived MSCs were either purchased from ScienCell or isolated from subcutaneous adipose tissue obtained from outpatient liposuction procedures (Monash human ethics approval #2007/1798; performed with informed patient consent).

Techniques: Staining, Expressing, Comparison

Journal: Cell Death Discovery

Article Title: Proinflammatory cytokines sensitise mesenchymal stromal cells to apoptosis

doi: 10.1038/s41420-025-02412-0

Figure Lengend Snippet: A , B Quantification of Annexin V + cells in Jurkat cells ( A ) and human BM-MSCs ( B ) treated with increasing concentrations of the BH3 mimetic drugs ABT199 (BCL-2 inhibitor, iBCL2), A1331852 (BCL-XL inhibitor, iBCLxL) for 3 h. C Representative Annexin V/PI staining in human BM-MSCs treated with increasing concentrations of BH3 mimetic drugs, and BAK/BAX-deficient (BKX) MSCs treated with 1.25 μM BH3 mimetic drugs for 3 h. D Quantification of Annexin V + cells in human MSCs ( D ) and mouse MSCs ( E ) treated with increasing concentrations of BH3 mimetic drugs for 2 h ( n = 3). F , G Quantification of Annexin V + cells at various time points following treatment of human MSCs with 1.25 μM BH3 mimetic drugs ( F ) and mouse MSCs, MEFs and BAK/BAX deficient MEFs treated with 10 μM BH3 mimetic drugs ( G ) ( n = 3). H Quantification of Annexin V + cells in human MSCs treated with increasing concentrations of various BH3 mimetic drugs combinations for 24 h ( n = 3). I Quantification of Annexin V + cells in mouse MSCs treated with various BH3 mimetic drugs combinations at 10 μM for 24 h ( n = 3). Data expressed as the mean ± S.E.M. and representative of at least two independent experiments.

Article Snippet: Human adipose-derived MSCs were either purchased from ScienCell or isolated from subcutaneous adipose tissue obtained from outpatient liposuction procedures (Monash human ethics approval #2007/1798; performed with informed patient consent).

Techniques: Staining

Journal: Cell Death Discovery

Article Title: Proinflammatory cytokines sensitise mesenchymal stromal cells to apoptosis

doi: 10.1038/s41420-025-02412-0

Figure Lengend Snippet: A Quantification of live cells (Annexin V − ) in human AD-MSCs, UC-MSCs, and BM-MSCs treated with increasing concentrations of BH3 mimetic drugs for 2 h ( n = 3 donors per tissue type). B Relative expression level of the anti-apoptotic genes BCL-XL , BCL-2 , and MCL-1 in cultured AD-MSCs, UC-MSCs, and BM-MSCs ( n = 3 donors per tissue type). Data expressed as the mean ± S.E.M. pooled from two independent experiments, p values by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test.

Article Snippet: Human adipose-derived MSCs were either purchased from ScienCell or isolated from subcutaneous adipose tissue obtained from outpatient liposuction procedures (Monash human ethics approval #2007/1798; performed with informed patient consent).

Techniques: Expressing, Cell Culture

Journal: Cell Death Discovery

Article Title: Proinflammatory cytokines sensitise mesenchymal stromal cells to apoptosis

doi: 10.1038/s41420-025-02412-0

Figure Lengend Snippet: A , B Representative Annexin V/PI staining in unprimed BM-MSCs and BM-MSCs primed with single (TNF or IFN-γ) or dual (TNF and IFN-γ) cytokines at the indicated concentrations for 24 h prior to treatment with vehicle control (DMSO) ( A ) or 1.25 μM BH3 mimetic drugs ( B ) for 2.5 h. C Representative Annexin V/PI staining of two additional BM-MSC donors primed with 10 ng/ml TNF and 100 ng/ml IFN-γ for 24 h prior to treatment with BH3 mimetic drugs for 2.5 h. D Quantification of the proportion of live Annexin V − PI − cells (left panel), early Annexin V + PI − (middle panel) and late Annexin V + PI + apoptotic cells (right panel) in unprimed and primed BM-MSCs from three donors treated with increasing concentrations of BH3 mimetic drugs for 2.5 h ( n = 3). E Representative Annexin V/PI staining in unprimed and primed BM-MSCs treated with 0.125 μM BH3 mimetic drugs for 2.5 h. F Quantification of live (Annexin V − PI − ), early apoptotic (Annexin V + PI - ) and late apoptotic (Annexin V + PI + ) cells from three BM-MSC donors treated with 0.125 μM BH3 mimetic drugs (as shown in E ) for 2.5 h ( n = 3). G Representative Annexin V/PI staining in unprimed and primed MSCs treated with 1.25 μM BH3 mimetic drugs for 30 min. H Representative Annexin V/TO-PRO-3 staining and gating of Annexin V + TO-PRO-3 hi late apoptotic cells in unprimed and primed BM-MSCs treated with BH3 mimetic drugs for 30 min. I , J Representative histograms showing the proportion of TO-PRO-3 int cells after exclusion of Annexin V + TO-PRO-3 hi late apoptotic (as shown in H ) in unprimed and primed BM-MSCs treated with BH3 mimetic drugs (blue histograms) or vehicle (grey histograms) for 30 min. Data expressed as the mean ± S.E.M. and representative of two independent experiments, p values by two-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple comparison test.

Article Snippet: Human adipose-derived MSCs were either purchased from ScienCell or isolated from subcutaneous adipose tissue obtained from outpatient liposuction procedures (Monash human ethics approval #2007/1798; performed with informed patient consent).

Techniques: Staining, Control, Comparison

Journal: Cell Death Discovery

Article Title: Proinflammatory cytokines sensitise mesenchymal stromal cells to apoptosis

doi: 10.1038/s41420-025-02412-0

Figure Lengend Snippet: A Live cell imaging of parental MSCs (top panels; Video ) and apoptosis-deficient BKX-MSCs (bottom panels; Video ) following apoptosis induction with BH3 mimetic drugs. B Live cell imaging of untreated human bone marrow MSCs (top panels; Video ) and BH3 mimetic drug-treated MSCs (bottom panels; Video ) stained with Annexin V, showing formation of apoptotic bodies (arrows). C Representative Annexin V staining (left panel) and quantification of the proportion of apoptotic bodies (right panel) in human MSCs treated with BH3 mimetic drugs ( n = 3). Data are expressed as the mean ± S.E.M and representative of three independent experiments. D Schematic for detection of MSCs and apoptotic bodies within the lungs at various time points after intravenous injection into mice. E Representative staining for CTV and CD45 to detect MSCs in digested lung tissue harvested 10 min post intravenous MSC injection F Representative staining for active caspase 3 within the CTV + cell population, used to identify apoptotic MSCs and apoptotic bodies within digested lung tissue following intravenous injection of CTV-labelled parental MSCs (top panel) or BKX-MSCs (bottom panel). G Quantification of apoptotic bodies detected in the lungs of mice (as shown in E ). Data represent the mean ± S.E.M. of n = 3 mice, p values by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test. Panel D was created with BioRender.com.

Article Snippet: Human adipose-derived MSCs were either purchased from ScienCell or isolated from subcutaneous adipose tissue obtained from outpatient liposuction procedures (Monash human ethics approval #2007/1798; performed with informed patient consent).

Techniques: Live Cell Imaging, Staining, Injection

Journal: Cell Death Discovery

Article Title: Proinflammatory cytokines sensitise mesenchymal stromal cells to apoptosis

doi: 10.1038/s41420-025-02412-0

Figure Lengend Snippet: A Schematic of how the survival of unprimed and primed MSCs was analysed within mouse lung tissue. B Representative staining for CTV and hCD73 to detect MSCs in digested lung tissue harvested 30 min post intravenous MSC injection. C Gating strategy used to identify live MSCs, apoptotic MSCs and apoptotic bodies, based on pooled samples of viable MSCs and BH3-mimetic drug treated MSCs stained with FLICA to detect active caspase 3/7. D Representative FLICA staining within the CTV + cell population used to detect live MSCs, apoptotic MSCs and apoptotic bodies in digested lung tissue. E Quantification of the number of live MSCs, apoptotic MSCs and apoptotic bodies within the lungs (as shown in D ). F Quantification of the proportion of CD45 − (left panel) and CD45 + cells (right panel) within the CTV + FLICA + apoptotic MSC gate. G , H Detection of human CD73 + MSCs within ex vivo cultured lung cells. Digested lung cells from untreated mice, or mice that received intravenous unprimed MSCs or primed MSCs were cultured for six days and the number of human MSCs was quantified. G Representative staining of human CD73 + MSCs within the CD45 − population of cultured lung cells. H Quantification of the number (left panel) and proportion (right panel) of human CD73 + MSCs in cultured lung cells six days after plating. Data represent the mean ± S.E.M. of n = 3 mice, unpaired T -test; ** p ≤ 0.01. Panel A was created with BioRender.com.

Article Snippet: Human adipose-derived MSCs were either purchased from ScienCell or isolated from subcutaneous adipose tissue obtained from outpatient liposuction procedures (Monash human ethics approval #2007/1798; performed with informed patient consent).

Techniques: Staining, Injection, Ex Vivo, Cell Culture

Journal: Clinical Epigenetics

Article Title: MEST mediates the impact of prenatal bisphenol A exposure on long-term body weight development

doi: 10.1186/s13148-018-0478-z

Figure Lengend Snippet: In vitro adipocyte differentiation from human MSCs: exposure to BPA (10 μM, 50 μM) compared to solvent control (EtOH 0.05%). a Real-time monitoring of cell differentiation (xCELLigence: normalized cell index) over a 17-day period (mean ± SD, n = 4). b Quantification of Oil Red O stained area (mean ± SD, n ≥ 20 from one experiment). c Exemplary histological Oil Red O staining of adipocytes (black bar = 100 μm). d qPCR data of genes involved in adipogenesis ( n ≥ 3) normalized to EtOH control ( Lep = leptin, LPL = lipoprotein lipase, PPAR γ = peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma, IRS2 = insulin receptor substrate 2, FASN = fatty acid synthase, SREBF 1 = sterol receptor element binding factor 1, ESR1 = estrogen receptor alpha). e Targeted MassARRAY analysis of MEST promoter methylation, shown are the measurement of the single CpG cg17580798 covered by the amplicon (gray bars, n = 3) and the mean of the MassARRAY amplicon (black bars). f qPCR data of MEST ( n ≥ 3, relative to EtOH control); * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 from Student’s t test/ANOVA

Article Snippet: For adipocyte differentiation MSCs at passage 1–3 were seeded at 9600 cells/cm 2 and were cultured with Adipocyte Differentiation Initiation Medium (ADIM; ATCC Adipocyte Differentiation Toolkit PCS-500-050) for 4 days.

Techniques: In Vitro, Solvent, Control, Cell Differentiation, Staining, Binding Assay, Methylation, Amplification

Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: Therapeutic potential of extracellular vesicles derived from human mesenchymal stem cells in a model of progressive multiple sclerosis

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202590

Figure Lengend Snippet: EVs were characterised using various techniques: (A) Electron microscope image. EVs with size smaller than 100 nm were observed by electron microscope. (B) Western blot. Detection of EVs with specific markers (positive: CD81 and CD63; negative: albumin) by western blot assay. Negative control samples are supernatant with debris and dead cells. The gels image was cropped. (C) Characteristics of particles. Size and concentration of the particles detected in the sample EVs isolated and EVs-FBS (culture media) by NanoSight. (D) Phenotype of EVs. Immunofluorescence of EVs labelled with DiI (red) and the specific EV marker antibody anti-ALIX (green). (E) Biodistribution of the EVs in the brain. Top: after intravenous administration, EVs were observed in the brain by the TAPA-1 marker (green), using immunofluorescence. Bottom: Colabelling with EVs (green) and cellular markers (GFAP/NeuN) (red) in the brain, using immunofluorescence. (F) Biodistribution of the EVs in peripheral organs. EVs were found in various peripheral organs, such as the lungs, spleen and liver, by immunofluorescence (green). (G) EV quantification. Fluorescence intensity quantification (arbitrary units) in brain and peripheral organs. Abbreviations: EVs: extracellular vesicles; human ADMSCs: human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells; EVs-FBS: extracellular vesicles -depleted FBS media; DiI: lipophilic Tracer CellTrackerTM CM-DiI; GFAP: glial fibrillary acidic protein; NeuN: neuronal specific nuclear protein.

Article Snippet: Human ADMSCs (Tebu-Bio, Spain) were thawed and suspended in conventional culture medium with Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) (Gibco Laboratory, Grand Island, NY, USA) containing 20% fetal bovine serum (FBS; PAA Laboratories, GmbH, Pasching, Austria) and penicillin–streptomycin (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA) in 75 cm 2 tissue culture flasks (Nunc, Roskilde, Denmark).

Techniques: Microscopy, Western Blot, Negative Control, Concentration Assay, Isolation, Immunofluorescence, Marker, Fluorescence, Derivative Assay

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Therapeutic role of aripiprazole in cartilage defects explored through a drug repurposing approach

doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-82177-1

Figure Lengend Snippet: Functional screening of drugs promoting chondrogenic differentiation ( A ) First Screening of Cartilage Differentiation-Promoting Drugs: Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) were treated with 10 µM of each drug for 72 h. The expression levels of COL2A1 (top) and SOX9 (bottom) mRNA were assessed using qRT-PCR. Dotted lines indicate drugs that significantly increased SOX9 and COL2A1 expression compared to DMSO control. ( B ) Second Screening: The Venn diagram shows the overlap of drugs that increased COL2A1 and SOX9 expression. Bar graphs present relative mRNA expression levels with statistical significance indicated. The cartilage-differentiation effect of seven drugs selected from the first screening was re-evaluated by measuring changes in mRNA levels of COL2A1, SOX9, and aggrecan (ACAN).: * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001 ( n = 3). ( C ) ADMSCs were cultured in pellet form and treated with DMSO, aripiprazole, or irinotecan for three weeks. Aripiprazole treatment showed increased cartilage differentiation compared to DMSO and irinotecan. ( D ) Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining and Alcian blue staining of pellet cultures. Aripiprazole treatment resulted in larger pellet size and more intense staining, indicating enhanced cartilage matrix production. Scale bars represent 100 μm.

Article Snippet: Human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) were obtained from PromoCell GmbH (Heidelberg, Germany), ADMSCs were cultured in standard culture and chondrogenic differentiation media (Gibco).

Techniques: Functional Assay, Derivative Assay, Expressing, Quantitative RT-PCR, Control, Cell Culture, Staining